The book presents a machine-generated literature review on CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) from 114 selected papers published by Springer Nature in the last few years, which are then organized by the book editors with a human-written introduction to each chapter. CRISPR is the gene-editing technology that permits precise cuts out of a strand of DNA, making possible everything from better cancer treatments in humans to more resilient crops. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)-Cas system has been discovered as an adaptive-immune system in prokaryotes. Microbes like bacteria and archaea use CRISPR-Cas9 as a part of their defense mechanism to ward off the virus and cleave their DNA. Over the past decades, res … The principle advantages of CRISPR gene editing, relative to other gene-editing techniques, are its specic- ity and accuracy of editing, even for very small sequences. This is a product of the strong complementarity between the guide sequences (crRNAs) and their targets, as well as the precision of Cas cleavage at the target site [, 9]. The RCH (RCA-CRISPR-split-HRP) method, (figure 2 (b)), combines RCA (rolling circle amplification), CRISPR-dCas9, and split-HRP (horseradish peroxidase) techniques to detect miRNAs. The detection method, with a sensitivity of 35.4 aM, relies on RCA to amplify the low concentrations of miRNAs in the pretreated sample. Three different categories of CRISPR/Cas system have been discovered in archaeal and bacterial organisms: Type I, Type II, and Type III each utilizing different mechanisms to produce CRISPR components (Bhaya et al., 2011).Here we will concentrate on Type II systems, the most commonly used CRISPR-based gene-editing approach owing to its simplicity, containing only a Cas nuclease (Cas9) and two However, one of the exciting things about CRISPR technology is that it enables gene editing in additional species, allowing for application of genetic approaches to new systems and topics, perhaps opening the door to a sig- nificant expansion in the number and variety of 'model' species in use in the near future. The CRISPR, unlike its ancestors, utilizes a universal Cas9 protein that needs only a guided RNA (gRNA) to match the target. This convenient, rapid, but versatile genome editing technology provides a promising library screen application to identify essential genes for cell survival and drug resistance [9-12] (Table 1). This comprehensive review introduces undergraduates to CRISPR/Cas9 editing and its uses in genetic studies. The goals of this review are to explain how CRISPR functions as a prokaryotic immune system, describe how researchers generate mutations with CRISPR/ Cas9, highlight how Cas9 has been adapted for new func- This comprehensive review introduces undergraduates to CRISPR/Cas9 editing and its uses in genetic studies. The goals of this review are to explain how CRISPR functions as a prokaryotic immune system, describe how researchers generate mutations with CRISPR/Cas9, highlight how Cas9 has been adapted for new functions, and discuss ethical considerations of genome editing. Keywords CRISPR · CRISPR-associated proteins · Nucleic acids · Non-homologous end joining · Homology-directed repair · Therapeutic applications Introduction CRISPR/Cas system has become a significant genome editing tool in the eld of molecular biology. CRISPR, an acronym that is explained as a Clustered Regularly Inter- Nathaniel Comfort suggests that the purpose of our book A Crack in Creation is to